1. IntroductionAging in asphalt mixtures is a Phenomenon that starts from the time of construction in the factory and by passing the time, it will progress and finally it leads to stiffening of the asphalt and deterioration of the mixture. Asphalt undergoes hardening primarily due to two factors: loss of volatiles and oxidation of asphalt. The main loss of volatiles occurs in asphalt-aggregate mixtures between the time of mixing and final placement, when the mixture is at elevated temperatures. This is referred to as short-term Aging. The longer, never-ending process of oxidation occurs partially throughout the short-term Aging time frame, but much more extensively over time, while the mixture is in service and exposed to the environment. This is referred to as long-term Aging [1]. Aging does not progress among different types of asphalts at the same rate, and also aggregate types are effective in this Phenomenon [2]. Aging is not negative completely, because a small amount of this leads to improvement of the characteristics of the mixture [3].

Background: Population Aging is a Phenomenon that will happenin the near future and brings opportunities and threats to the health system. The medical-science education will be affected by this Phenomenon and one needs to be prepared to deal with it optimally. This study was conductedwith the aim of expressing some of the effects of the Aging Phenomenon on medical-science education and solutions to deal with it. Methods: The information was obtained by a systematic review method by searching in databases in the form of Farsi and English articles. For this purpose, keywords related to the subject was searched and after extracting and classifying the contents, the results were presented. Results: However, the findings indicate that the effects of the Aging Phenomenon on the education of medical sciences can be investigated in various ways. Three dimensions of these effects were categorized, analyzed, and presented in this study, including formation of Aging-friendly Universities, formation of new jobs suitable for Aging, and use of innovative approaches in being prepared to face this Phenomenon. Conclusion: Aging is an inevitable event, requiring new policies and methods to deal with its related future issues. This Phenomenon impacts the society, especially the education of medical sciences and the business environment, which highlights the need to consider appropriate strategies in facing this isusue. Paying serious attention to the convergence of sciences, interacting with industry, observing and scanning world changes, taking advantage of the experiences of other countries, assessing and planning for human-resource allocation, and applying novel approaches are some strategic samples that can be used in dealing with this Phenomenon.

Introduction: Active Aging is an important concept in the positive paradigm of Aging that has attracted policy makers’ attention in the past two decades. However, active Aging has been less underscored as an issue of research which can provide real and reliable insight about the Aging population. Thus, the present study explored the nature, context, and influencing factors of active Aging based on the experiences of the elderly.Method: This qualitative study was conducted through grounded theory method in 2014-2015. Sampling was initiated with purposeful sampling method and continued with theoretical sampling method. The study environment consisted of cultural centers, artistic-cultural associations, and parks in Tehran, Iran.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 35 elderly adults until data saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed and coded through 3 phases of open, axial, and selective coding suggested by Strauss and Corbin.Results: “Reduction of roles” was the context for the Phenomenon or main theme of the study which manifested as “agency-oriented existentialism”. This theme consisted of two sub-categories of “continuity of self” and “effective identity seeking” and was the main essence of experiences of active elderly. Causal conditions for active Aging consisted of the subcategories of “internalized health tendency”, “quality of life time perception”, and “rethinking the quality of presence in relationships”.Conclusion: At first glance, active Aging appears as a behavior type, but in fact it is an attempt for agency-oriented existentialism and it requires elderly individuals’ different perception about time, their presence, and health tendency.

Microstructural and Electromagnetically Methods were performed for evaluation of Aging Phenomenon in 2304 duplex stainless steel. The artificial Aging process were carried out at temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 ° C and at 15, 60 and 120 minutes. For microscopic and hardness evaluations, optical microscopy equipped with image analysis software, scanning electron microscopy equipped with chemical analyzer, X-ray diffraction device and Vickers method were used. Then, for electromagnetic evaluation, the eddy current test at 100 kHz was performed, and the data were presented and evaluated as an impedance plan. The microscopic studies showed that with increasing Aging intensity by increasing Aging temperature and time, reduced the amount of ferrite phase. In contrast, the secondary phases of M23C6 carbide, Cr2N nitride, and secondary austenite form and grow in the microstructure. These secondary phases are formed within the ferrite phase and lead to a reduction in the volume fraction of the ferrite phase relative to the annealed sample. The most sever changes were observed at 900 ° C and 120 min. The results of electromagnetic evaluation have shown that with increasing the Aging temperature and time, formation of more destructive phases and a sharp decreasing of ferrite content in the microstructure, the electromagnetic responses change appropriately by further reducing the inductive reactance and impedance index and further increasing the resistance index. Therefore, the severity of the Aging Phenomenon in the steel can be seen from its impedance plan.

Introduction and purpose: The members of the Islamic Council contribute greatly to the enactment of elder laws. Therefore, the view of these people toward the elderly can play a decisive role in this matter. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the attitude of the representatives of the Islamic Council towards the elderly. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical research was conducted on 274 representatives of the Islamic Council who were selected by the whole number method in 2018. The needed data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. The research tools in this study included demographic information questionnaires and Kogan's attitude questionnaire on Aging. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using correlation tests (Pearson, Spermman), independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The mean age of the participants was 53. 49±, 8. 02 years. The majority of MPs (93. 8%) were male. The mean score of the attitude towards the elderly was 145. 20±, 15. 05, and the mean score of the negative attitude towards the elderly among parliamentarians was higher (62. 28±, 12. 36). Attitude towards Aging showed a signifificant relationship with age (P<0. 05) and gender (P=0. 002). Conclusion: Considering that the mean negative attitude towards Aging was higher among parliamentarians, it is recommended to hold educational programs and workshops to familiarize representatives with the topic and issues of Aging so that better policies can be developed.

Introduction: Infection by M. tuberculosis can be demonstrated by tuberculin testing. On sequential PPD some person show a marked increase in the size of their skin reactions which may not be due to recent or past tuberculous infection. This Phenomenon (booster effect) can occur as soon as a week after the initial test and persist for as long as a year.Methods and Materials: The purpose of this research is studying the size of induration following repeated PPD tests (booster effect) that studied in children who came to our clinic or imbedded in pediatric unit and the group of student in grades 4 and 5 at elementary school (totally 80 cases) for one year.Results: Increase of induration in 25% of all (20 cases) was 5 mm or more and in 75% of all (60 cases) was less than 5 mm and between these two groups, differences was meaning full (P<0.05). The increase of induration in 12.5% was 7 mm or more.Conclusion: Because there is not shown definite increase of induration (more than 5mm) on sequential PPD in children, we must to consider to new infection.